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Advanced Integrated Bio-Refineries (IBRs) and Sustainable Development (SD): IBRs: Generation of Sustainable Alternatives. |
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PP: 29-40 |
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Author(s) |
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A.Zayed,
Mai M.K. Fouad,
S.S.E.H. Elnashaie,
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Abstract |
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| Fossil fuel depletion and aggravation of environmental impacts do not only increase the necessity of bio-refineries but also raise the importance of the sustainability principle. This study adopts a rigorous definition for a sustainable process that is a profitable process that achieves human prosperity and improves the environment by utilizing renewable resources. Bio-refineries may be classified into four platforms; (1) biochemical, (2) thermochemical, (3) biodiesel from jatropha and (4) biodiesel from algae. Such platforms may be in or nearby commercial phase. Process integration is the most effective and methodical way to achieve the objectives of sustainable design. Four different configurations of integration between these platforms are presented in an attempt to generate alternatives in the process design of sustainable bio-refinery. |
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